I originally started out with the intention on describing how to make an image or image and text display in a ComboBox. As I started writing the article, I realized that instead of making one massive article describing what needs to be done, I would break it down is to functional areas. – Now, even blogs need to have design documents. J
One of the features that I really like about WPF is that it allows you to change a control’s look and feel into almost anything. Prior to WPF if you wanted to have an image or and image and text in a ComboBox, you need to look at a third party vendor to create it for you. This article is part I of a series looking at customizing controls. In this article we will focus on Styles and Templates.
Styling Basics
When I first wanted to change my controls to give them more a 3D look, I tried to play around with Styles and Templates I ended up getting some results that were undesired. Let’s say that you want to change the font to red so you create a control template:
<!-- x:Key = Name used to reference template
TargetType = Type of control template will update -->
<ControlTemplate x:Key="ButtonTemplate" TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
<ContentControl Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
Foreground="#FFFF0000" />
</ControlTemplate>
<!-- Template = Name used in the x:Key above -->
<Button Content="Close" Template="{StaticResource ButtonTemplate}" />
This results in the following:
Not exactly what we were looking for, but the template did exactly what we told it to do, make the font red and nothing else. We lost the mouse over highlight functionality and the 3D click effects. So at this point, many people bail on the idea of doing this and go to the web to find code to borrow. But there are some really easy ways to go forward.
First off, if you have Microsoft Expression Blend, you have an easy way to create a template with everything filled in for you. If you do not, download a trial version from http://www.microsoft.com/expression/ . There are several articles that describe the limitations of the Visual Studio UI for working with controls – Expression Blend will improve your productivity. That’s all for my sales pitch now back to work…
Open your project and the page that has the button you would like to customize. (Or create a new project and throw one button on the form.) On the Interaction Panel, there is a section called Objects and Timeline. This shows the controls on the page as well as the storyboards resources for this page. If you expand out the page, you should see your control, right mouse click on the control and the following menu will be displayed:
Edit Control Parts (Template) is the section that we are looking for. The following is a description for each of the menu items:
1. Edit Template – Allows you to modify the template associated to the control. It will be grayed out if no template is currently associated to the control.
2. Edit a Copy… - Allows you to take the current settings and make a new Style based on those settings. This includes making all of the child resources such as the colors or edit boxes for ComboBoxes.
3. Create Empty… - Allows you to create an empty template that you need to fill in all of the holes.
4. Apply Resource – Allows you to select an existing template and associate it to your control.
One of the additional benefits for using Expression Blend to create your template is that it automatically adds any additional references to your project and page as needed. If you are working along with this you will notice two changes that occurred behind the scenes for you. The PresentationFramework.Aero DLL has been added to your project and a new namespace (xmlns:Microsoft_Windows_Themes="clr-namespace:Microsoft.Windows.Themes;assembly=PresentationFramework.Aero") was added to your page for you.
Edit a Copy is a great way to get started but it will make your page fill up pretty quick, especially if all you want to do is change one property such as the foreground. The following is the code generated by Blend:
<Style x:Key="ButtonFocusVisual">
<Setter Property="Control.Template">
<Setter.Value>
<ControlTemplate>
<Rectangle SnapsToDevicePixels="true" Margin="2" Stroke="Black" StrokeDashArray="1 2" StrokeThickness="1"/>
</ControlTemplate>
</Setter.Value>
</Setter>
</Style>
<LinearGradientBrush x:Key="ButtonNormalBackground" EndPoint="0,1" StartPoint="0,0">
<GradientStop Color="#F3F3F3" Offset="0"/>
<GradientStop Color="#EBEBEB" Offset="0.5"/>
<GradientStop Color="#DDDDDD" Offset="0.5"/>
<GradientStop Color="#CDCDCD" Offset="1"/>
</LinearGradientBrush>
<SolidColorBrush x:Key="ButtonNormalBorder" Color="#FF707070"/>
<Style x:Key="GoodButtonTemplate" TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
<Setter Property="FocusVisualStyle" Value="{StaticResource ButtonFocusVisual}"/>
<Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource ButtonNormalBackground}"/>
<Setter Property="BorderBrush" Value="{StaticResource ButtonNormalBorder}"/>
<Setter Property="BorderThickness" Value="1"/>
<Setter Property="Foreground" Value="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ControlTextBrushKey}}"/>
<Setter Property="HorizontalContentAlignment" Value="Center"/>
<Setter Property="VerticalContentAlignment" Value="Center"/>
<Setter Property="Padding" Value="1"/>
<Setter Property="Template">
<Setter.Value>
<ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
<Microsoft_Windows_Themes:ButtonChrome SnapsToDevicePixels="true" x:Name="Chrome" Background="{TemplateBinding Background}" BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}" RenderDefaulted="{TemplateBinding IsDefaulted}" RenderMouseOver="{TemplateBinding IsMouseOver}" RenderPressed="{TemplateBinding IsPressed}">
<ContentPresenter SnapsToDevicePixels="{TemplateBinding SnapsToDevicePixels}" HorizontalAlignment="{TemplateBinding HorizontalContentAlignment}" Margin="{TemplateBinding Padding}" VerticalAlignment="{TemplateBinding VerticalContentAlignment}" RecognizesAccessKey="True"/>
</Microsoft_Windows_Themes:ButtonChrome>
<ControlTemplate.Triggers>
<Trigger Property="IsKeyboardFocused" Value="true">
<Setter Property="RenderDefaulted" TargetName="Chrome" Value="true"/>
</Trigger>
<Trigger Property="ToggleButton.IsChecked" Value="true">
<Setter Property="RenderPressed" TargetName="Chrome" Value="true"/>
</Trigger>
<Trigger Property="IsEnabled" Value="false">
<Setter Property="Foreground" Value="#ADADAD"/>
</Trigger>
</ControlTemplate.Triggers>
</ControlTemplate>
</Setter.Value>
</Setter>
</Style>
So the question is: is there something in the middle of these two options. The answer is “yes”. Styles have a property called BasedOn. This property allows you to base a Style on another Style (yours or Microsoft’s). So here I have created a style basing it on the button control and changed only the foreground to red:
<Style x:Key="ButtonTemplate"
TargetType="{x:Type Button}"
BasedOn="{StaticResource {x:Type Button}}">
<Setter Property="Foreground" Value="Red"/>
</Style>
<Button Content="Close" Style="{StaticResource ButtonTemplate}" />
The result is what we were looking for originally:
And it continues to have all of the other built in functionality that the button comes with by default.
Extending Resources
Ideally, you are not creating styles for just one page; you are creating resources (styles) that can be used throughout your application. To do so, there are two choices; you can just add them to your App.xaml as resources in the <Application.Resources> tag or you can add them as an external file referred to as a resource dictionary. As with most things in software development, there is no right answer on how to do something only a more correct answer. Personally, I like to keep things in separate resource dictionaries in logical groups. That being said, if I am doing a little prototype with two screens, it may not make sense to create a bunch of files that I am just going to throw away.
Examples of global resources:
<Application x:Class="ComboBoxDemo.App"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
StartupUri="Window1.xaml">
<Application.Resources>
<Style x:Key="ButtonTemplate"
TargetType="{x:Type Button}"
BasedOn="{StaticResource {x:Type Button}}">
<Setter Property="Foreground" Value="Red"/>
</Style>
</Application.Resources>
</Application>
<Application x:Class="ComboBoxDemo.App"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
StartupUri="Window1.xaml">
<Application.Resources>
<ResourceDictionary Source="ComboBox.xaml" />
</Application.Resources>
</Application>
Cross Project Resources
When considering styles for multiple projects to get the same look and feel you are probably thinking that you will need to go into each one of your controls and add a style tag for each of your controls but it is much easier than that. When you create your style, there were two properties that we needed to specify x:Key and TargetType. x:Key was the unique name for the style and TargetType was the type of control that the style would update. We can actually change this slightly if we want it to apply to all controls of a specific type. By specifying the type as the key, it specifies this to be used as the default style as shown below:
<Style x:Key="{x:Type Button}" TargetType="Button">
<!-- Style would go here (see attached source code) -->
</Style>
Allowing my button:
<Button Grid.Row="2" Content="No Style"/>
To look like this:
Since this affects all buttons that reference the default style, it would also affect the style that we have based on the default button but would not affect the button that we explicitly declared its properties as shown below:
Summary
There is a lot more that can be done with Styles and Templates including automation through storyboards. This article was intended to give an overview on how it works together. In the next segment, we will update a ComboBox by using a custom Style which will allow an image and text to display together as one object.
Source code for this project has been attached.